Government Intervention in Solar Panel Recycling: Analyzing Justifications
The increasing adoption of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules has raised significant concerns regarding their end-of-life management. In light of the projected rapid growth of end-of-life solar panels, both state and federal policymakers are considering various policies aimed at enhancing the recycling of these modules. This report delves into the primary rationales for government intervention in this area, specifically assessing whether a mandate for recycling end-of-life PV modules can be justified on environmental, national security, or economic grounds.
Recycling mandates are of particular interest as they have been effectively implemented in various countries around the world. Unlike more incremental policy changes, such mandates can significantly boost recycling rates. The analysis presented in this report primarily focuses on the context of solar PV recycling in the United States, while also incorporating insights from international practices.
The authors provide a comprehensive overview of the current economic and policy landscape surrounding the management of end-of-life solar PV modules. They evaluate the key environmental, national security, and economic arguments that support the implementation of a recycling mandate. The findings include estimates of potential reductions in life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions, non-greenhouse gas environmental benefits, and the maximum annual volumes of critical minerals that could be recovered through recycling.
Based on these analytical insights, the authors propose a series of policy recommendations aimed at federal and state policymakers involved in the development or enactment of PV recycling policies in the United States. This includes guidance for legislators, their staff, and officials from relevant agencies such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and state environmental authorities.
The research was funded by contributions from RAND supporters and operational income, and it was conducted by the RAND Center for Climate and Energy Futures, which is part of RAND Education, Employment, and Infrastructure, as well as RAND Global and Emerging Risks. This publication is part of the RAND research report series, which presents findings and objective analyses addressing challenges faced by both public and private sectors. All RAND research reports undergo a rigorous peer review process to ensure high standards of research quality and objectivity.
